Theory of Knowledge Essay (Psychology) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Theory of Knowledge (Psychology) - Essay Example Some studies have been carried out to establish how knowledge is gained, how it can be used, when can knowledge be said to be knowledge indeed, should truth be factored in knowledge etc. These factors considered in the study of knowledge consists a branch of philosophy called Theory of Knowledge (ToK). ToK as Bertrand Russell (1926) puts it is a product of doubt. He further asserts that only when you subject facts, concepts etc into sufficient doubt then you can know whether the facts, concepts etc can be said to be true and thus become knowledge. In other words knowledge is not knowledge if it isn’t true and facts, concepts, principles etc graduate to knowledge once they reach the threshold of truth. Therefore ToK ventures into four ways of knowing i.e. through emotion, language, perception (use of senses) and through reason. It also features the areas of knowledge such as Science, Arts, Mathematics, history etc while investigating how students, the actors of knowledge, gain knowledge. This paper seeks to discuss the fact that an area of knowledge is not necessarily a collection of facts. An area of knowledge, be it science or mathematics, is not a mere collection of facts even though collection of facts constitute an area of knowledge (Lehrer, 2000). Science is dependent on facts that can be ascertained to be true. A number of facts describe science. The philosophy of science entails two parts. The first part is about the process of acquiring scientific knowledge (Scientific in the sense that it can be tested and ascertained scientifically) and the second part is about the purpose, implications and uses of the scientific knowledge acquired. One most important thing to note is the fact that the facts that make up science should have a way to be tested. Therefore, an accumulation of facts alone do not make science but if the facts can be tested scientifically and ascertained, then they qualify to constitute

Ethics Assessment Essay Example for Free

Ethics Assessment Essay It is a fact that any business organization must have its principles of code of conduct. These principles must be generally accepted as they act as a mirror to the company’s or organization’s policy of ethics and responsibility, its employees, and the entire marketing team in maintaining consumer as well as community relationships. The organization’s policy has to be based on high-level ethical principles that are fair to all its stake holders. The aim of these principles is to provide a general guidance to the organization without which no meaningful business can take place (Dubois Fattore, 2009). The mission statement, just like the code of ethics or code of conduct, is very essential as part of the organization’s business plan. It is very vital in giving the organization a clear direction concerning how the organization’s plans should be implemented as well as its future plans. The employee handbook Is another equally as important document and it is often used to evaluate the worker’s organization’s overall performance in terms of profitability and its relation with its customers and the general community. The management of any company or organization is supposed to take routine evaluation based on the key areas of the company’s or organizations set-up. These are the Mission Statement, the Ethics Code or Code of Ethics, the Supervisor’s manual as well as the employee handbook. These are the basic things that a company needs so as to be able to survive in the highly competitive world of business where excellent service delivery is the secret to success. The mission statement of any company or organization should be clear to all concerned; the employees, the supervisors and the managers in that order. The mission statement originates from the management and it is here that the managers map out the company’s guide and modes of operation (Stone, 2008). The overall manager or director of the organization should then discuss it thoroughly with fellow managers of the various departments to make sure that it meets the right description of the company before it is released to the employees and subsequently the general public who make up the target market. In order for a mission statement to be deemed successful, it must reach the intended audience as fast as possible and in a clear manner. The services or goods that the company or organization offers are sometimes not well spelt out. This leads to a misunderstanding, miscommunication or misinterpretation . This in turn leads to loss of business because the customers do not know much about the business or exactly what it is that they offer. An example is that of the hospitality industry. Some companies or organization do not care to include in their mission statement full details of what they offer. In such a case a customer may enter a business premise not knowing anything that the organization offers. If prospective customers do not know the full details of the company’s or organizations mission, then disappointment is the result and this The result in most cases is disappointment and loss of prospective customers. Such an oversight should be avoided by setting out clearly on paper what it is that the organization is dealing in instead of leaving it upon customers to guess. A mission statement is the heart of the company’s operations and therefore the managers should make sure that the set code of ethics or conduct is adhered to for the implementation of the company’s or organization’s mission to be successful. Two different companies dealing in the same goods and services were evaluated in terms of how their structures for the communication of their mission statement with relation to their business ethics and standards. In some strange way it was identified that the organization with a wide range of mission statement content performed worse than the organization with a wider range of code of ethics content (Shafritz Hyde, 2007). The above fact is characteristic of the mission and vision statement of the giant Coca Cola company which they describe as enduring, a declaration of their purpose as a corporation. This mission statement acts as the yardstick against which they weigh their decisions and actions. The company acknowledges that the world is fast changing and as such they have to look at the future. They have to understand the forces and trends likely to shape their business in the foreseeable future and the only solution is to move with speed in preparing for any challenges that may come up. The mission statement takes one only a few seconds to go through but the clarity of the message is outstanding. The three point statement reads; ‘To Refresh the World in body, mind, and spirit. , To Inspire Moments of Optimism through our brands and our actions. , To Create Value and Make a Difference everywhere we engage’ (Fry, 1989). The company’s mission is communicated to the public in a clear and simple way and this is the reason for the continued confidence consumers have always had confidence in their brands over the years. Theirs is a perfect example of an inspiring, well-crafted mission statement from a very successful corporation in the world. The company communicates its mission statement through an aggressive campaign aimed at sensitizing the consumers about their aims and goals. The inspiration for everything they do I attributed to their enduring mission. Both the workers and the management find the resolve to go on with the challenges of the corporate world by drawing from the inspiration in the mission statement. Coca Cola has as a result managed to outsmart other well positioned companies like Pepsi Cola and Schweppes Cola which had for sometime rivaled the corporation. The company is socially responsible. It has, through its mission statement managed to create stable communities by manufacturing superb brands that has provided an alternative to other less health-sensitive drinks. The factors behind this are the code of ethics under which the company operates. The customer is the most important person to the company and in essence they strive to keep him satisfied. It is the mission statement, source of their inspiration, which keeps everyone in the company focused with a view to achieving this goal (Kettl James, 2009). Coca cola’s employee manual and the supervisor’s manual provide for all the needs of the employees and the management, ranging from health benefits to reasonable pay allowances. The company has a strict program of ethics and compliance to ensure that its code of ethics is adhered to. This code of conduct requires employees be honest and have integrity in everything they do for the company and has so far been successful in guiding its business conduct (Stone, 2008). This is communicated through reading the manual and all the directors are supposed t understand and exercise them within the company and the outside community at large. The company has an ethics and compliance committee whose job is the evaluation of the compliance with relation to the company’s productivity and its relations with the outside community. This committee determines code violation and recommends the action to be taken against the violator. The code of ethics is routinely revised to improve its effectives. The company needs to improve the code of ethics and update it so as to meet the challenging and changing trends in the business fraternity. Some regulations need to be adjusted so that the employees can interact with the outside community more freely, but this should be done with some regulations so that the people who work in the production department do not leak the company’s production formula to other rival companies (Fry, 1989). Company needs to urgently review mission statement. The statement is too sketchy and many other companies have come up with more catching and better worded mission statements and this has made them sneak their way into the company’s consumer base therefore reducing Coca Cola’s share of the market. Many people all over the world who used to rely on Coca Cola for refreshment have in the recent past turned to other means like tea, water and coffee and therefore the company should redraft its mission statement to reflect the current needs of the consumers. These changes should be communicated in a very aggressive advertisement exercise that will reach all the concerned people (Shafritz Hyde, 2009). This will surely make a change in the consumers’ hearts and renew their confidence in the company’s products. If I were the general manager of the Coca Cola Company, would hire a team of experts to review the company’s ethics, evaluate it and come up with suggestions on how make the existing one better. The team would have to the consumers armed with questionnaires and ask the relevant questions to determine how best the company can improve its services to suit the likes of the consumers. REFERENCES Dubois, H. F. W. Fattore, G. (2009). Definitions and typologies in public administration. Routledge. Fry, R ( 1989). Mastering Public Administration; from Max Weber to Dwight Waldo. Chatham, New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, Inc. Kettl, D James (2009). The Politics of the Administrative Process. Washington Shafritz, J Hyde, A (2007). Classics of Public Administration. Routledge. Stone, D (2008) Global Public Policy, Transnational Policy Communities and their Networks, Journal of Policy Sciences.

Essay --

(National Project Global Dimensions & Hofstede Dimensions Power Distance: †¢ El Salvador occupies an intermediate to high position on this dimension. Remnants of El Salvador ´s authoritarian past linger on in diverse fields. Organisational arrangements show taller pyramids and low degrees of delegation. Status symbols are used to underline power differences, though less than in the past. Performance Orientation: †¢ People of El Salvador rate high in Performance Orientation. Leader is charismatic/value-based but somewhat self-serving, collaborative, & inspiring. Humane Orientation: †¢ Humane Orientation rate is average as they are constantly developing Assertiveness: †¢ High on assertiveness. Uncertainty Avoidance: †¢ El Salvador rates high on this and so do the majority of Latin American countries that belonged to the Spanish kingdom. These societies show a strong need for rules and elaborate legal systems in order to structure life. Bureaucracy is very time consuming in El Salvador, documentation, need for stamps and written instructions are important. They are rather conservative...

Bell LaPadula

In recent years, the Bell-LaPadula model has been employed more and more in scientific Since publication, the Bell-LaPadula model has helped in the advancement of science and technology by providing a mathematical basis for the examination of laboratory security. Moreover, this model is a major component of having a disciplined approach to building secure and effective laboratory systems.The Bell-LaPadula model can also be used to abstractly describe the computer security system in the laboratory, without regard to the system's application.The goal of modern security research is to facilitate the construction of multilevel secure systems, which can protect information of differing classification from users that have varying levels of clearance. There are some deficiencies inherent in the Bell and LaPadula model, and there have been efforts to develop a new approach to defining laboratory security models, on the basis that security models should be derived from specific applications. Project Aims and Objectives:The objective of this research is to ascertain the ways in which the bell-lapadula model can be applied to Laboratory Information Management Systems. Laboratory automation occurs when the application of technology is used to reduce the need for human intervention in the laboratory. This makes it possible for scientists to explore data rates that otherwise may be too fast or too slow for proper scientific examination. Moreover, the research was also aimed to investigate the possible practical applications of the Bell-Lapadula model in library information management systems (LIMS).The main intention of this modern security research is to facilitate the construction of multilevel security systems, which can protect information of differing classification from users that have varying levels of clearance. Since publication, the Bell-LaPadula model has helped in the advancement of science and technology by providing a mathematical basis for the examination of l aboratory security. Moreover, this model has been major component of having a disciplined approach to the building of effective and secure laboratory systems.Project Outline: Literature Survey: The use of the Bell and LaPadula Model has been successful in modeling information that is relevant to security, even though this success might be responsible for the vagueness of the model about its primitives. This vagueness can also be examined with respect to the theory that the Bell and LaPadula Model and Noninterference are equivalent. Laboratory automation makes it possible for scientists to explore data rates that otherwise may be too fast or too slow to properly examine.Therefore, an automated laboratory reduces the need for human intervention and creates a more efficient environment in which human beings and technology can interact to produce a great deal more information and accurate data that was not possible prior to automation. Its approach is to define a set of system constrain ts whose enforcement will prevent any application program executed on the system from compromising system security.The model includes subjects, which represent active entities in a system (such as active processes), and objects, which represent passive entities (such as files and inactive processes). Both subjects and objects have security levels, and the constraints on the system take the form of axioms that control the kinds of access subjects may have to objects. (http://chacs. nrl. navy. mil/publications/CHACS/2001/2001landwehr-ACSAC. pdf)While the complete formal statement of the Bell-LaPadula model is quite complex, the model can be briefly summarized by these two axioms stated below: (a) The simple security rule, which states that a subject cannot read information for which it is not cleared (i. e. no read up) (b) The property that states that a subject cannot move information from an object with a higher security classification to an object with a lower classification (i. e. no write down). (http://chacs. nrl. navy. mil/publications/CHACS/2001/2001landwehr-ACSAC. pdf)These axioms are meant to be implemented by restriction of access rights that users or processes can have to certain objects like devices and files. The concept of trusted subjects is a less frequently described part of the Bell-LaPadula model. Systems that enforce the axioms of the original Bell-LaPadula model very strictly are often impractical, because in a real system, a user might need to invoke operations that would require subjects to violate the property, even though they do not go against our basic intuitive concept of laboratory security.For instance, there might be need in the laboratory to extract an UNCLASSIFIED paragraph from a CONFIDENTIAL document for use in a document that is UNCLASSIFIED. A system that strictly enforces the properties of the original Bell-LaPadula model might prohibit this kind of operation. As a result, a class of trusted subjects has had to be included in the Bell-LaPadula model, and is trusted not to violate security, although they might violate the property.Laboratory systems that are based on this less restrictive model usually have mechanisms that permit some of the operations that the property would normally not allow. It should also be noted that a number of projects have used the Bell-LaPadula model for description of their security requirements, although strict enforcement of the Bell-LaPadula axioms without the implementation of trusted subjects turns out to be overly restrictive in these projects. Thus, there has been widespread introduction of these trusted processes to implement the concept of trusted subjects.There are also some limitations involved in the use of the Bell-LaPadula model, including an absence of policies for changing user access rights. With this model, there can be secure and complete general downgrade, and is it is intended for systems that have static security levels. The Bell-Lapadula model would b e a suitable idea for Laboratory Information Management Systems because the model focuses on data confidentiality and access to classified information, in contrast to some other models that describe rules for data protection and integrity.Clear and concise access rules for clinical information systems spells out by this model. Furthermore, it reflects current best clinical practice, and it’s informed by the actual threats to privacy, its objective is to the maximum number of records accessed by any user, and at the same time the number of users who can access any record and this has to do with controlling information flows across rather than down and at the same time a strong notification property should be enforced.I will also discuss its relationship with other existing security policy models available, and the possibility of its usage in other applications where information exposure must be localized, which ranges from private banking to the management of intelligence data , and much more. Another area in which laboratories could benefit by using the Bell-Lapadula model is the multi million dollar drug industry, which requires a high level of security and confidentiality since drug research sensitive, and results or findings in an ongoing research may sometimes need to be kept from unauthorized persons.Description of the Deliverables: This research will be conducted by investigating the possible practical applications of the Bell-Lapadula model. This would be conducted and tested physically and objectively. A prototype will be built in order for it to be properly tested, since it is practical. The testing stage will involve programming codes for different levels of security and the objective is to find out if security can be breached at any stage. Evaluation Criteria Evaluation of the involve the Resource Plan:The equipment, software, and other materials necessary to complete the project, how they are to be provided, and what the financial costs will be, such as travel. Project Plan and Timing: Anticipated milestones and interim deliverables. A detailed timetable (schedule) of the stages, including the estimated finishing date, is a must. Stages will be reviewed with the sponsor and Dissertation Advisor. Don’t simply list the stages of the project and their timetables, but supply information what is done in each of them with special emphasis on the last stage of the project.Risk Assessment: A description of what obstacles may arise and contingency plans to meet them. One aspect that should be considered here is the availability of the software and hardware you intend to use and, if you need to interface several pieces of software, whether this is known to be possible. Quality Assurance: How progress on your project will be monitored and how success at each stage will be assessed. This may include, but should not be limited to, the formal project assessments.

Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed Essay

There has always been some times in our lives when we retrace our naive early days that we learn from try-and-error and we can’t stop thinking â€Å"how I wish there were mentors in my life who draw me the blueprint of future, point out the right way for me to pursuit and prevent me from making so much immature mistakes†. Therefore, some of us come up with the idea of making it educational institution’s responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed. I agree that some instructions and advises should be given to young generations when choosing their future career. However, in my view the statement goes too far, by suggesting that it is the educational institutions’ duty to help the students make the choice. If followed the statement, the social, psychological and human-rights implications the suggestion carries would turn out to be more harmful than beneficial—not just to the students but to th e entire society. At first blush, the statement seems compelling. One great purpose of education is instilling in students with experiences of elder generations after all. Young people, passionate, brave and innovative as they are, their naivety and lack of experience often make them mistakenly put too much energy on areas they’re unlikely to achieve success in the first place, waste the golden years and end up all the great talents and efforts in vain. Usually, it is hard for people to estimate their talents and abilities objectively at their juvenile ages when their minds are full of confidence and hearts desperate for success. Every year, thousands of hundreds of young people flock to Hollywood hoping to get auditions to show their talent and dream about overnight fame; likewise, the number of students joining the fierce competition of entering acting school continues to rise in recent years. However, most commonly, these passionate young people who are eager to pursuit a career of acting end up doing odd jobs in restaurants for a living. Supposing when receiving education, these young people have been carefully assessed and informed not having the qualities of becoming an actor; they would not be so keen at investing precious time and efforts on pursuing a career they’re not suitable with and may turn to other area which they show more capabilities on. Another common circumstance is that some fields of study themselves are not easy to make a difference or not worth  working on; such as alchemy, inventing perpetual-motion machine and studying the origin of the universe in developing countries. At this time, young people need helps from instructors and schools to understand the situation clearly and avoid those areas which have reached to a dead end, so as not to waste their valuable youth times. Beyond this concession, however, I disagree with the statement mainly because it actually implies that educational institutions should make choices relating students’ future career for them instead of letting them make their own choices. First, this policy would require that a society of parents make choices that they surely will never agree upon to begin with—for example, how and on what basis each student’s talents and abilities should be assessed, and which field of study is promising and most worth the society’s time and efforts. While society’s parents would never reach a reasonable consensus on these issues, it would be totally irresponsible to leave these choices to a handful of institutions and bureaucrats. After all, they are unlikely to have the best interests of the students in mind, and their choices would be tainted by their own quirky, biased and profit-oriented notions of how the student can be successful. Chances are these institutions will make the majority of its students into fields of study which are most popular currently in order to enhance the institutions’ reputation. If so, the policy will dwindle into tool for educational institutions to sacrifice its students’ interests in order to enlarge the institutions’ profits. Even assuming both the institutions and bureaucrats puts students’ interests at first instead of being driven by its own profit when helping students choose their future career, I still disagree with the statement. One important reason is that whether people’s talent or society’s situation are both complicated things hard to be estimated; which means even the instructors are equipped with more experience and information, it is still unjustified that they will outsmart the students when concerning the students’ future. Great minds are always ahead of the times; genius artists and scientists usually cannot be recognized at a very young age—especially by their teachers. Einstein was considered dull and unpromising by his primary school teacher; Van Gogh’s painting was considered to be of no value  in most of his lifetimes. Educational institutions evaluating students’ talent from a mundane piece of view may be counterproductive and at last leave students talent killed in the cradle. Similarly, people’s estimation on field of study worth putting efforts on can be of no accuracy as well. It is very much common that many researchers and projects which shows little value and hope at times turn out to be crucial foundations of great discovery and inventions in the future. Letting educational institutions choosing fields of study which its students are more easily to achieve success may cause the whole society turn to areas which can be achievement in a very short term and nobody will engage on studies such as art, history and theoretical science whose fruits are hard to gain immediately. Obviously this will eventually break the balance and threat the whole society. Another reason I oppose to the statement is that the definition of success itself is vague and controversial. While some people reckon successful career as those who can bring them wealth and reputation, some may prefer occupation which can make them feel accomplished and fulfilled. Also a great amount of people like me expect jobs which are not so busy that can leave us free time to attend our families. Since people’s opinion on â€Å"successful career† is such complex and diversity, letting educational institutions make choice for young people’s future career based on their understanding of success does not make any sense. Moreover, people’s talents and abilities usually stretch out into various fields. Einstein the famous scientist is also an outstanding violinist; Da Vinci shows talents both on arts and autonomy. But at last people tend to choose the field which they have the most passion on as their lifelong career because usually people behave better on areas they’re most interested in. Supposing regardless of people’s will, we put Albert Einstein into a symphony for a living and let Da Vinci go to medical school in which he will not be distracted by all about painting; those people may as well be well-known or even richer, but will the world and the genius themselves be more pleasant? In the final analysis, when we are helping young people plan their future career with experience and information brought by elder generations we’re all better off, only if we stick to the principle that the right to make  choices about future career is held in the young people themselves’ hands. Through education we provide students with a value system and a set of logic to serve as compass, skills as well as knowledge to serve as ballast. But the ultimate purpose is to enable young people themselves holding the rudder of their life ship and sailing the way they wish.

Streams, Streams, TStream in Delphi

Streams, Streams, TStream in Delphi What Is a Stream? TStream? A stream is what its name suggests: a flowing river of data. A stream has a beginning, an end, and youre always somewhere in between of these two points. Using Delphis TStream objects you can read from or write to various kinds of storage media, such as disk files, dynamic memory, and so on. What Data Can a Stream Contain? A stream can contain anything you like, in the order you like. In the example project accompanying this article, fixed-size records are used for simplicity purposes, but you can write any mix of variable-sized data to a stream. Remember however, that _you_ are responsible for the householding. There is no way Delphi can remember what kind of data are in a stream, or in what order! Streams Versus Arrays Arrays have the disadvantage of having a fixed size that must be known at compile time. Ok, you can use dynamic arrays. A stream on the other hand, can grow up to the size of available memory, which is considerably large size on todays systems, without any householding chores. A stream cannot be indexed, as an array can. But as youll see below, walking up and down a stream is very easy. Streams can be saved/loaded to/from files in one simple operation. Flavors of Streams TStream is the base (abstract) class type for stream objects. Being abstract means that TStream should never be used as such, but only in its descendant forms. For streaming any kinds of information, choose a descendant class according to the specific data and storage needs. For example:   TFileStream (for working with files)TMemoryStream (for working with a memory buffer)TStringStream (for manipulating in-memory strings)TBlobStream (for working with BLOB fields)TWinSocketStream (for reading and writing over a socket connection)TOleStream (for using a COM interface to read and write) As youll see, TmemoryStream and TFileStream are remarkably interchangeable and compatible. Download  sample project!

Geography and Fact Sheet About the Philippines

Geography and Fact Sheet About the Philippines Population: 99,900,177 (July 2010 estimate)Capital: ManilaArea: 115,830 square miles (300,000 sq km)Coastline: 22,549 miles (36,289 km)Highest Point: Mount Apo at 9,691 feet (2,954 m)The Philippines, officially called the Republic of the Philippines, is an island nation located in the  western Pacific Ocean in Southeast Asia between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea. The country is an archipelago made up of 7,107 islands and is near the countries of Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The Philippines has a population of just over 99 million people and it is the 12th largest country in the world. History of the Philippines In 1521, European exploration of the Philippines began when Ferdinand Magellan claimed the islands for Spain. He was killed shortly thereafter however after getting involved in tribal warfare on the islands. During the rest of the 16th century and into the 17th and 18th centuries, Christianity was introduced to the Philippines by Spanish conquistadores. During this time, the Philippines were also under the administrative control of Spanish North America and as a result, there was migration between the two areas. In 1810 though, Mexico claimed its independence from Spain and control of the Philippines went back to Spain. During Spanish rule, Roman Catholicism increased in the Philippines and a complex government was established in Manila.In the 19th century, there were numerous uprisings against Spanish control by the local population of the Philippines. For example, in 1896, Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolt against Spain. The revolt continued until 1898 when American forces defeated the Spanish at Manila Bay in May of that year during the Spanish-American War. After the defeat, Aguinaldo and the Philippines declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. Shortly thereafter, the islands were ceded to the United States with the Treaty of Paris.From 1899 to 1902, the Philippine-American War took place as Filipinos fought against Americ an control of the Philippines. On July 4, 1902, a Peace Proclamation ended the war but hostilities continued until 1913.In 1935, the Philippines then became a self-governing commonwealth after the Tydings-McDuffie Act. During World War II, however, the Philippines were attacked by Japan and in 1942, the islands came under Japanese control. Beginning in 1944, full-scale fighting began in the Philippines in an effort to end Japanese control. In 1945, Filipino and American forces caused Japan to surrender, but the city of Manila was largely destroyed and over one million Filipinos were killed.On July 4, 1946, the Philippines then became fully independent as the Republic of the Philippines. Following its independence, the Philippines struggled to gain political and social stability until the 1980s. During the late 1980s and into the 1990s, the Philippines began to regain stability and grow economically despite some political conspiracies in the early 2000s. Government of the Philippines Today the Philippines is considered a republic with an executive branch made up of a chief of state and a head of government - both of which are filled by the president. The legislative branch of government is made up of a bicameral Congress that consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals and the Sandigan-bayan. The Philippines are divided into 80 provinces and 120 charter cities for local administration. Economics and Land Use in the Philippines Today, the economy of the Philippines is growing due to its rich natural resources, workers overseas and imported products. The largest industries in the Philippines include electronics assembly, garments, footwear, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, petroleum refining ,  and fishing. Agriculture also plays a large role in the Philippines and the main products are sugarcane, coconuts, rice, corn, bananas, cassava, pineapples, mangoes, pork, eggs, beef, and fish. Geography and Climate of the Philippines The Philippines is an archipelago comprised of 7,107 islands in the South China, Philippine, Sulu, and Celebes Seas and the Luzon Strait. The topography of the islands is mostly mountainous with narrow to large coastal lowlands depending on the island. The Philippines is divided into three main geographic areas: these are Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The climate of the Philippines is tropical marine with a northeast monsoon from November to April and a southwest monsoon from May to October.In addition, the Philippines, like many other tropical island nations has problems of deforestation, and soil and water pollution. The Philippines also has problems of air pollution because of large populations in its urban centers. More Facts About the Philippines Filipino is the official national language while English is the official language of government and educationLife expectancy in the Philippines is 67.6 yearsOther large cities in the Philippines include Davao City and Cebu City Sources: Central Intelligence Agency. (7 July 2010). CIA - The World Factbook - Philippines. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html Infoplease.com. (n.d.). Philippines: History, Geography, Government, and Culture - Infoplease.com. infoplease.com/country/philippines.html United States Department of State. (19 April 2010). Philippines. state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm Wikipedia. (22 July 2010). Philippines - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines

No Hyphen in Ramshackled

No Hyphen in Ramshackled No Hyphen in â€Å"Ramshackled† No Hyphen in â€Å"Ramshackled† By Maeve Maddox When I saw â€Å"ram-shackled† used to describe a boat. the image of a boat chained to a ram sprang immediately to mind. Both ramshackle and ramshackled are used to describe a building or other fairly large object in a state of extreme disrepair. The word started out as ransackled and is related to such words as ransom and sack (as in â€Å"to pillage.†) I’ve also seen ramshackle/ramshackled written as two words: Ram-shackled economies headline at the New Statesman Factories in China range from some of the most modern in the world to small ram shackled facilities. story at the Huffington Post Both ramshackle and ramshackled should be written as one word. Unless, of course, you are making a pun, as the writer of this Washington Post headline was doing: Ram-Shackled The Redskins Defense Is Shredded For 579 Yards in an Overtime Loss The opposing team was the St. Louis Rams. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101Do you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?Parataxis and Hypotaxis

Experimental Design for statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experimental Design for statistics - Essay Example They will be required to be in the first month of the pregnancy so that they can be monitored from early stages in their pregnancy development. Fresh mothers will not be required to take part in this study but only mothers who have at least one other child. A sample of about 200 mothers will be selected for this study. The sample will be representative of all the population. Mothers will have their blood pressure measured to ascertain that they are healthy to take place in this study. The child’s brain development will be measured using the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) which measures the brain and behaviour development. This will be done as the child grows, probably up to 12 years. Further, the kids will have their IQ tested through simple tasks, their social behaviors and their computation skills. All this measurements will be recorded and put into a computer package for analysis. Based on the kind of fish his/her mother was consuming, the level of the IQ, their social behaviours and computing skills will be compared. The level of the MRI will say whether that certain kind of fish will have detrimental effects. Pregnant mothers are classified as vulnerable people thus; their protection from harm will be a priority. Further, their privacy will be protected to the highest level. Also, they will be taken through all the information concerning this study so as to make an informed decision about taking place in the study. No coercion will be used at

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 26

Marketing - Essay Example Market players are postponing the inevitable change for as long as possible. The services provided by the traditional dry cleaners do not bear up to levels of expectation. Clothes although clean are returned in a malodorous condition, materials damaged in the long term, and with the added ‘bonus’ that Perchloroethylene (perc) is a skin irritant for some people. The chemical has been banned in some areas of the country and it has also been documented as ‘environmentally unfriendly’ and is very harmful and carcinogenic to the employees. The customers and the paying public have been conditioned to this offering and it is in my view that a positive, strong public awareness campaign will help forefront the market, giving SUN Dry Cleaners the first mover advantage. The competitive advantage of Sun Dry Cleaners is that the operations will be set up from scratch which will not involve any switching costs or transaction costs. Also, the market players currently are very afraid of increasing the public awareness solely due to the costs that are involved. This gives SUN Dry Cleaners the advantage, as the company intends to offer substantial benefits in service quality; raising the bar by bringing the industry into the present economic climate. Hence the size of the operations is the benefit for the company. The small size allows SUN to be more responsive and informed along with being better educated and environmentally aware clientele. This business is aimed to be opened in Miami, Florida. The city offers fantastic growth potential and of location is also deliberate off the basis of procuring industry inside knowledge as to customer preference, that is, the need to be able to look and feel the cleaning establishment on a one to one level with the view that confidence will be instilled as to the level of professionalism being employed therein. The current market condition includes several dry cleaners

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Assignment 1 - Essay Example The first four chapter of New Testament Survey by Gromacki, Robert G explains that for one to have a good understanding of the New Testament, one should have knowledge of the last years which characterized Israel as a kingdom. In addition, questions which were not answered in the New Testament are pointed out to exist in the six centuries before Jesus Christ in the chapter. The chapter acts as a reference to the New Testament books in the bible as it relates various happenings that were missed by both the new and Old Testament. It gives a chart of intertestamental history that is extremely important for those who wishes to have a clear understanding of the New Testament. The chapters points out to the differences in how individuals view the new testament by fixing in different passages and harmonizing it to the reader. The chapters gives a clear historical context to the new testament as it lays individuals emphasis on different books that are needed for one to understand the new testament. Moreover, the chapters also have in them pictures and charts that give core emphasis to the facts presented by the New Testament. However, in my opinion, the first four chapters in New Testament Survey by Gromacki, Robert G are written in a conservative position as other individuals in the society do not take the same stand as the author of the book. The chapters are written in a fundamentalist position as the writings on the chapters are based on tradition rather than scholarship. The first four chapters discounts the synoptic gospels and other religious books like the Koran, thus the chapters does not take into consideration the views and beliefs of other scholars in the society who have an intention of reading the book. The chapters are also written to harmonize the gospels as the writings on the chapters are extensive. Therefore, it acts as study bible when the bible parts that are included and the chapters are

Describe the relationship between media and reality Essay

Describe the relationship between media and reality - Essay Example The media can be considered a very influential representation to reality through the essential elements of selection, construction and representation. Each media form, whether electronic or print, process social constructs of an image of event, story, and this may differ to what the society experience in reality (dl.nfsa.gov, Representation). With the two competing theories on media, manipulation theory is more accurate. According to Noam Chamsky, there are 10 strategies of manipulation by the media, taking note on reality TV. The first is the strategy of distraction. According to Chomsky, â€Å"the key element of social control is the strategy of distraction that is to divert public attention from important issues and changes decided by political and economic elites, through the technique of flood or flooding continuous distractions and insignificant information. The strategy of distraction is also essential to keep the public interested in the essential knowledge in science, econo mics, psychology, neurobiology, and cybernetics.† The second strategy is to create problems after offering solution. Chomsky referred to this strategy as "problem-reaction-solution" which creates a problem, a "situation" due to cause some reaction in public, so that it is the principal measures that want to accept. Third strategy is gradation aims to make it accept an unacceptable extent, simply apply it gradually, a dropper, for consecutive years (Chomsky, n.d.). Fourth strategy is defer which Chomsky believes that another way to create an unpopular decision to accept is to present it as "painful and necessary" in obtaining public acceptance for the moment for a future application. It is easier to accept that a future sacrifice of an immediate sacrifice. Fifth strategy according to Chomsky is addressing public as children. This refers to the public as a younger child where characters, arguments and any discourse are performed in children’s intonation. The next strategy is to use the emotional aspect much more than a reflection. Chomsky put it in a way that â€Å"making use of emotional aspect is a classic technique to cause a short circuit on rational analysis, and finally to the critical sense of individuals.† Seventh strategy is to keep the public in ignorance and mediocrity. Next strategy is to stimulate the public to be complacent mediocrity (Chomsky, n.d.). Ninth strategy of manipulation of media is strengthening the revolt and lastly is the strategy of the best guys knows what they know if the same. This last strategy portrays that the system has more control and great power over individuals than the individuals themselves (Chomsky, n.d.). I love Lucy and Rosie movies were sit-coms which movies were made after the success of the shows. I love Lucy was able to portray a happy couple who lived in a modest apartment in New York. In this movie, the couple were in pursuit of success and wealth. This sitcom and movie was ranked very high i n the country. Thus through the theory of manipulation, the audience can be manipulated to believe in the lifestyle portrayed by the couple in the sitcom and the movie. The husband Ricky, is a Cuban born bandleader in Tropicana, loves his wife very much. Despite the shortcomings of Lucy in her career in showbiz and different get-rich-quick schemes, Ricky was forgiving and stayed beside her all throughout. Rosie on the other hand,

Karate King Letter to Mr. Johnnie Petro - Case Study

Karate King Letter to Mr. Johnnie Petro - - Case Study Example Just for your information, accounting is not a static system but a dynamic process that incorporates the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) that is evolved to suit the needs of the people who read the financial statements of any business. This memo provides some basic details on the principles and concepts like business entity, monetary unit, going concern, cost principle, time period, consistency, materiality, full disclosure, objectivity, revenue recognition and matching principle, which form the basis for applying the GAAP. Under this principle, from an accounting point of view the transactions of a business entity operating in any form of organisation are considered separate and distinct from that of the personal transactions. It is necessary to maintain the personal transactions separate even if the owners work in the business entity. Monetary Unit Principle The assumption behind this principle is that the recording of the accounting transactions would be done in the primary national monetary unit. In the case of Karate King the monetary unit used is US Dollars. It is the responsibility of the accounting function to record all the inflows of sales revenue and the expense outflows in the dollar terms. Going Concern Principle In general it is assumed that a business entity will remain in operation for an indefinite period. This is the principle behind the going concern concept. The continuity of business assumes that the cost of the assets engaged in the business will be recovered over their useful life by way of profits from the business. Cost Principle This principle is closely associated with the monetary unit principle and it requires that the value of business transactions need to be recorded at the actual or equivalent cash cost. This principle is also related to stable dollar assumption. When the economy of any country suffers from continued periods of inflation or deflation comparing the revenues and earnings for different years would be meaningless if it is assumed that the dollar will have a stable value. However it would make sense to express the value of the inventories for resale as well as some items of income and some other balance sheet items in terms of current dollar value rather than on historic dollar value. Time Period Principle This principle requires that the accounting transactions be recorded and analyzed for reporting the financial status and profitability of the business operations over a specific time period of operation. Conservatism Principle This principle requires that the balance sheet items like assets should not be overstated and the value of liabilities should not be understated. Consistency Principle Under consistency principle the financial statements should be prepared applying the same accounting principles from one period to another so that the statements become comparable over different periods. Materiality Concept The materiality concept implies that all items having value which are important and material should be reported in a correct way so that the readers of the financial statements can take proper decisions. Full Disclosure Principle This principle states that any future event which is likely to have a major economic impact on the financial position of the company should be disclosed fully to the potential readers of the financial statements. Objectivity Principle This principle implies that all the accounting tr

Describe the relationship between media and reality Essay

Describe the relationship between media and reality - Essay Example The media can be considered a very influential representation to reality through the essential elements of selection, construction and representation. Each media form, whether electronic or print, process social constructs of an image of event, story, and this may differ to what the society experience in reality (dl.nfsa.gov, Representation). With the two competing theories on media, manipulation theory is more accurate. According to Noam Chamsky, there are 10 strategies of manipulation by the media, taking note on reality TV. The first is the strategy of distraction. According to Chomsky, â€Å"the key element of social control is the strategy of distraction that is to divert public attention from important issues and changes decided by political and economic elites, through the technique of flood or flooding continuous distractions and insignificant information. The strategy of distraction is also essential to keep the public interested in the essential knowledge in science, econo mics, psychology, neurobiology, and cybernetics.† The second strategy is to create problems after offering solution. Chomsky referred to this strategy as "problem-reaction-solution" which creates a problem, a "situation" due to cause some reaction in public, so that it is the principal measures that want to accept. Third strategy is gradation aims to make it accept an unacceptable extent, simply apply it gradually, a dropper, for consecutive years (Chomsky, n.d.). Fourth strategy is defer which Chomsky believes that another way to create an unpopular decision to accept is to present it as "painful and necessary" in obtaining public acceptance for the moment for a future application. It is easier to accept that a future sacrifice of an immediate sacrifice. Fifth strategy according to Chomsky is addressing public as children. This refers to the public as a younger child where characters, arguments and any discourse are performed in children’s intonation. The next strategy is to use the emotional aspect much more than a reflection. Chomsky put it in a way that â€Å"making use of emotional aspect is a classic technique to cause a short circuit on rational analysis, and finally to the critical sense of individuals.† Seventh strategy is to keep the public in ignorance and mediocrity. Next strategy is to stimulate the public to be complacent mediocrity (Chomsky, n.d.). Ninth strategy of manipulation of media is strengthening the revolt and lastly is the strategy of the best guys knows what they know if the same. This last strategy portrays that the system has more control and great power over individuals than the individuals themselves (Chomsky, n.d.). I love Lucy and Rosie movies were sit-coms which movies were made after the success of the shows. I love Lucy was able to portray a happy couple who lived in a modest apartment in New York. In this movie, the couple were in pursuit of success and wealth. This sitcom and movie was ranked very high i n the country. Thus through the theory of manipulation, the audience can be manipulated to believe in the lifestyle portrayed by the couple in the sitcom and the movie. The husband Ricky, is a Cuban born bandleader in Tropicana, loves his wife very much. Despite the shortcomings of Lucy in her career in showbiz and different get-rich-quick schemes, Ricky was forgiving and stayed beside her all throughout. Rosie on the other hand,

Presentation for the Global marketing into CVs and Wallgreen PowerPoint

For the Global marketing into CVs and Wallgreen - PowerPoint Presentation Example The company has stores in more than 32 states and is expanding gradually in Florida. The expectations of the Florida market have been beyond anticipations due to customer acceptance and better sales figures in the new areas of expansion. Another marketing strategy used is altering the format of the stores, which has generated high margins of profit. CVS has moved from a 9600 square feet prototype convention to bigger and better free standing facilities, which has seen $22 billion in sales and ranked second among competitors in 2012 (Callegarri, 2003). On the other hand, Walgreens has based its marketing strategies on customers. This has resulted into a huge shift in direction. The strategies used include: identifying the customer need; building relationships internally between customer service, IT and operations and marketing departments; a clear outcome and goal and marketing communication; and making the company system simpler. This has seen Walgreens open more stores to cater for customer need as a marketing strategy. Another marketing strategy used by Walgreens is customer initiatives such as the launch of Customer Centric Retailing initiative in 2008, which brought huge profit margins (Nulman,

Hindu wedding ceremony Essay Example for Free

Hindu wedding ceremony Essay With reference to a Hindu wedding ceremony, describe and explain the many points of symbolism. Ritual is very important within the Hindu religion. If ritual is performed correctly, good karma will follow and if not, the opposite will occur. There are whole books dedicated to ritual such as the Veda, the oldest scripture in the world. Key factors in making the right match include the partner being Hindu, also preferably from the same caste and compatible horoscopically. Also, the horoscopes show what the best date for the wedding to take place is. Although India is a large country and weddings vary, most key points are shared. In India the wedding itself would be at the brides home but in England a hall is booked. In preparation for the wedding, henna is used to decorate her hands and feet lasting many weeks symbolising her entry into her marriage. A red spot is painted called a tilaka showing she has been blessed by god. She is wearing a red sari, the colour of happiness, with gold jewellery, the best she can afford and black paint around her eyes called kajal. The groom gives her a ring that she wears on her toe. The groom will wear a kurta-pajana; a lose fitting top and trousers and a veil of beads. The bride and grooms parents will worship Ganesh and the family deities asking them to be present at the wedding and make sure everything goes to plan. Throughout the ceremony itself the priest keeps a fire burning by pouring ghee into the flames symbolising the presence of the Gods. He also throws rice and spices into the fire symbolising fertility. The bride offers puja to the deities and then goes into a separate room to offer private worship to Parvati and Shiva asking for a long marriage and children, preferably sons. When the groom arrives at the place of the wedding, the brides mother and the priest meet him at the entrance with a sacred light to ward off any evil spirits. The priest prays to Vishnu and Lakshmi and together, the priest and brides mother lead the groom into the place of the wedding. The brides dad then gives him honey symbolising a sweet welcome and the priest recites a mantra from the Yajur-Veda. The brides family give her away to the grooms family. This can be compared to the Christian Wedding in which the brides father gives her way to the groom, the difference being, Hindu weddings are not just about the people getting married, but also each of their families who are as much involved. The bride and groom stand facing each other while the priest ties cloth around grooms neck and attaches it to brides sari representing unity. Then blessings are sung and the guests shower rice over the couple. The father of the bride then places her right hand into the palm of the groom. The father then asks the groom to follow his dharma -religious duty, artha -earning money in an honest manner and karma -the enjoyment of pleasures, with moderation. The groom says to the bride I hold your hand in the spirit of the dharma we are both husband and wife. The wife then steps onto a stone. This symbolises her decision to try to get though all problems they may come across throughout their marriage. Then the couple takes seven steps around the sacred fire (saptapadi); this is essential according to the Law Code of Manu. Each step represents a different thing: food, power, prosperity, wisdom, children, health and friendship. While taking these steps the husband says to the wife With utmost love to each other may we walk togetherMay we make our minds united, of the same vows and of the same thoughts. I am the wind and you are the melody. I am the melody and you are the words and on the last step the couple say in unison Into my will I take thy heart. Thy heart shall follow mine. And the heart of mine be yours. The brides bothers pour barley into the couples hands that are then poured into the scared fire symbolising the fact that they will work together for the benefit of society. The husband then marks his wifes parting with red kum-kum powder. -This is the sign of a married woman. The groom places a black necklace called a mangalsutra around the brides neck representing the union between the two families. Also, black beads are used to ward off evil spirits. If the wedding is in daytime the couple will look at the sun to be blessed, if it is night-time they will look at the Polestar, asking that their love will shine as bright and last as long. Elders and the priest ending the ceremony then bless the couple and the guests then take part in a huge feast. When the wife enters her husbands house for the first time she must kick over a metal pot of grain into the house symbolising prosperity. Finally, the bride is given a new first name showing her new beginning. 1) ii) In a Hindu society what activities, arrangements, and advertisements might eventually lead to a marriage? According to Hindu scriptures, basically, you must not search for your own partner, and when you do want a partner it must be the one your family arranges for you to marry. Therefore strictly speaking courtship is not to be done. In the past, matches have been made between two people before they were even born. Child marriage would often take place, and still does although it has been made illegal. The legal age of marriage in India is 18 for girls and 21 for boys. Because of this law being passed, the people in question now have more choice in their partner. When looking for a suitable partner, usually, the person in questions parents will begin their search by telling their friends who will then circulate the news to other families, telling them details of looks, varna, age, caste, education, financial situation and if it is a more modern arrangement, personality and interests. In the past, the man would visit the girls house and she would come in with her eyes downcast for a few seconds and then leave again. In these more modern times, both families will meet and sit down to talk about it. If the two people seem compatible serious negotiations will take place. Both families will get their family priests to study the horoscopes of the two people and if they match, a suitable date for the wedding may be chosen. Then the two families may agree to let them court with restrictions. If a suitable partner cannot be found, the family may decide to turn to placing an advertisement in the newspaper, or turn to an agency. Advertisements in papers for brides or grooms are very common in India. Sometimes someone will meet somebody they would like to marry at college, work, or a similar environment. Because the majority of the time someone is attracted to another person with the same kind of background, their parents will approve of the marriage because the person chosen has come from the same caste etc. If a match is decided, a dowry must be agreed. -This is an illegal practice, but is still sometimes done. A dowry is a payment given to the grooms family by the brides family because the grooms family now has to look after and pay for the bride. Because of the weddings expense, the bride may find it quite difficult to get together enough money to pay what the groom has asked for and the marriage may therefore be called off. Some Hindu families now demand dowry free weddings. Finally, once all has been agreed, the wedding will take place. 2) a) Explain why, from a religious perspective, i) it is considered important for a Hindu to marry a Hindu, Within the Hindu religion it is considered very important for a Hindu to marry another Hindu. The main reason for this is because marriage in Hinduism is not seen as a lifestyle choice but a duty and religious stage of life, from student, the first ashrama, to householder, the second ashrama according to the Varna-ashrama-dharma. When married, a Hindu has the opportunity to achieve three goals: A release from all basic human desires through marriage and having children. A contribution to society though hard work. The duty of carrying out whatever demands his particular caste places upon him. The 13th saskara is reached when a Hindu marries. Marriage in Hinduism is quite obviously a religious action. Therefore in not marrying a Hindu, you cannot easily for-fill these tasks given to you. You can preserve the purity of your religion and caste by marrying in the traditional way. By marrying a Hindu, you will have your horoscopes compared, will have the same religious state of mind, and are therefore compatible. If two Hindus marry, the families will get along and there will be no feuds. You will keep your parents happy by marrying a fellow Hindu in the correct manner. If you do not, there may be a major disagreement in which your family may not ever fully forgive you. They may even believe that in abandoning the correct tradition of marriage, you are abandoning the Hindu religion. If you marry a Hindu you will gain respect from the Hindu society whereas if you dont there may be a lot of disrespect and gossip about you. Your children will be brought up to believe the Hindu faith and will not be confused of which parent religion he or she should follow. He or she will learn all the correct rituals. The eldest son will light his fathers funeral pyre as Hinduism states. The Hindu marriage, as shown in question one, is full of symbolism and if this ritual is formed correctly good karma will follow. In fact large parts of Hinduism itself are all about ritual and tradition. So if you do not marry a Hindu, all this will be lost, bad Karma will follow and you will never be released from samara, the series of births, deaths and re-births and atman will never be rejoined with Brahmin. -This is a Hindus main goal and therefore it is essential to marry a Hindu. ii) being married is important in Hindu society, Being married is important in the Hindu society. This is because marriage in Hinduism is not seen as a lifestyle choice but a duty and religious stage of life, from student, the first ashrama, to householder, the second ashrama according to the Varna-ashrama-dharma. When married, a Hindu has the opportunity to achieve three goals: A release from all basic human desires through marriage and having children. A contribution to society though hard work. The duty of carrying out whatever demands his particular caste places upon him. The 13th saskara is reached when a Hindu marries. Marriage in Hinduism is quite obviously a religious action. Therefore in not marrying, it is impossible to for-fill your dharma. By having a Hindu marriage correctly good karma will follow. Large parts of Hinduism itself are all about ritual and tradition. So if you do not marry, all this will be lost, bad Karma will follow and you will never be released from samara, the series of births, deaths and re-births and atman will never be rejoined with Brahmin. -This is a Hindus main goal and therefore it is essential to marry. iii) it is important to consult with all members of the family when the marriage is being arranged. It is important to consult all members of the family when a marriage is being arranged. The main reason for this is because when a marriage takes place is not just between the bride and groom but both families as well. Also by asking all members of the family you can ensure a good match in marriage. If anything goes wrong there will be shame upon the family and therefore all must be consulted. 2) b) Explain the response of Hinduism to the moral problems of courtship. According to Hindu scriptures, basically, you must not search for your own partner, and when you do want a partner it must be the one your family arranges for you to marry. Therefore strictly speaking courtship is not to be done. Romance, traditionally was only for the Gods. There are certain exceptions however, as Hinduism has had to change with the times and become more flexible and acceptant of modern practices. For instance, once an arranged marriage has been agreed to and the couple are engaged they can announce it and can therefore openly walk in the street holding hands and go to the cinema or such like unaccompanied without being gossiped about by Hindu society. They may not sleep together or mover in together before marriage though. This is because according to the Varna-ashrama-dharma sex is restricted to the householder stage of life and must not be performed in any of the other three stages of life. 3) In Hinduism, marriages are arranged. Do you agree or disagree with the system? Give reasons for your answer. Why would a Hindu agree or disagree with you? Although love marriages are becoming more common within Hinduism, the majority of the time, parents arrange their childrens marriages for them. Marriage is not seen as an optional lifestyle extra but a religious stage in life and therefore it is said that you should love the one you marry, not marry the one you love. Elders are said to be older and therefore wiser and more experienced whereas their children are said to be immature and do not know enough about the world to make a sound choice when it comes to life partners. On the other hand, if your parents make the wrong match and you and your husband have a complete personality clash once your married you have to spend the rest of your life trying to grow to love someone that you really dont get on with. A Hindu would argue then that your horoscopes are compatible with your partners and therefore why wouldnt you get along? If you let your family arrange your marriage for you, you will make them happy. If you do not, there may be a major disagreement in which your family may not ever fully forgive you. They may even believe that in abandoning the tradition of arranged marriages, you are abandoning the Hindu religion. If you have an arranged marriage you will gain respect from the Hindu society whereas if you dont there may be a lot of disrespect and gossip about you. I feel a very important aspect of a relationship is trust. A problem that may arise when marring someone that you do not know all that well is that the two of you will probably not immediately trust each other and the relationship will suffer because of it. Also, sexually, you do not know each other yet are expected to immediately have a healthy sex life as oppose to gently easing into these things. You may feel awkward in being physical with someone you do not have solid trust in. In support of arranged marriages, a person searching for the perfect partner: the one may never find this person. -This person may not even exist. If you have an arranged marriage you know you will have a wedding and not spend half of your life looking for a husband/wife. With the wedding itself, there are many traditional symbolic gestures that must be performed and little room left for individuality. On the other hand a Hindu marriage is full of symbolism and if this ritual is formed correctly good karma will follow. In fact large parts of Hinduism itself are all about ritual and tradition. So if you do not marry in the correct manner, all this will be lost, bad Karma will follow and you will never be released from samara, the series of births, deaths and re-births and atman will never be rejoined with Brahmin. -This is a Hindus main goal and therefore it is essential to have an arranged marriage. You do not really know this person you will spend the rest of your life with. Your husband/wife may have a problem such as gambling, a health condition or an alcohol addiction that you did not previously know about. In love marriages, you have usually been with and lived with your partner for several years before getting married and you therefore will almost certainly know every detail about him/her. After weighing up the points for and against marriage, although I can see from a Hindus point of view why arranged marriages are a good thing, I have one major disagreement. A Hindus main argument for arranged marriages is that it is a religious stage of life and not a lifestyle choice. As I am not Hindu, I do not believe this or other Hindu beliefs to be true. Therefore I personally disagree with arranged marriages. I feel that to marry, you must first be in a loving, longstanding relationship with a strong bond of trust and love. Marriage, to me, is something that shows commitment and love between two people and I find the concept of arranged marriages quite absurd. If to me, marriage is a gesture showing a couples love and therefore surely the couple must be in love before taking vows of their love to one another?

SWOT Analysis of HM

SWOT Analysis of HM The paper provides an overview on Hennes Mauritz (HM), analyzing the industry environment and the position in the retail market. The paper also explores the impact of the recession upon the human resource management activities, based on publicly available details of HM, which has been analyzed and presented within the context of the perspective. Introduction The retail industry is usually a very dynamic, and a fast changing sector in the market. It represents one of the main sectors in the UK economy, in terms of employment, transactions and turnover, so that as a consequence, it is a highly competitive and a sophisticated industry. Thompson (2002) argues that economic conditions are an important element in the industry and he states that they may affect the way, weather easy or difficult, a business runs the activity successfully and profitable .Furthermore he claims that economic conditions may affect both capital availability, cost and demand. Companies in the fashion sector have to keep all the time the attention on monitoring the market, and should try to identify any new trends as soon as possible and, above all, they have to keep up with the customers increasing expectations, needs and changing tastes. As the paper shows above, the analysis will be on the HennesMauritz fashion business which is considered one of the worlds favourite and preferred designers of clothes and accessories for man, women, teenagers and babies. In addition, HM its also known not only for the fashion cosmetics and accessories but also because of the quality of the clothes ,using sustainable materials like organic cotton, wool and organic denim, all being environmental friendly (HM website (1), viewed 20 October 2010). According to the Datamonitor (2010, p.4) HM is a large clothing retailer with its operations primarily set in Europe, North America, and Asia, owning in 2009 1,988 stores worldwide and reaching sales of 119 billion Sweden Kronor. (HM website (2), viewed 20 October 2010). The companys main office is based in Stockholm, Sweden and employs almost 76,000 workers out of which more than 53,476 are on full time employment as of November 2009. HMs strategic approach is to offer designer clothes to general population at affordable prices, the company working with such brand names as Stella McCartney, Karl Lagerfeld, Roberto Cavalli and Lanvin (Capell Beucke 2005, p. 16; Kroll 2004, p. 71; Zimmerman 2009, p. D1; WWD 2010, p. 2). RECESSION IN RETAIL SECTOR Nowadays almost all kinds of industries are willing to maintain their competitive position in the market during the recession period. Most of the challenges that the retail market faces are related to the economic and the financial aspects. The fashion industry faced unfavourable situation due to the reduction of the money spent on clothes, but also due to the change in consumers behaviour. According to Kambil (2009) recession should last less than 2 years, and managers should take full advantage of this in order to rethink and renew their strategies and their competitive positions in the UK retail market. The UK retail market was just one of the industries hit by the global economic downturn, as shoppers were forced to limit their spending and consumer confidence was shaken by the failure of important retail giants like Woolworth. With the retail market getting back on its feet in 2010 particularly the online sales segment, where UK web sales grew by 18% in August 2010 (BBC website, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11034030 ), compared with the same month a year earlier one of the most pressing concerns is whether there will be long-term effects on consumer confidence or spending. The retail industry has been an excellent contributor to the UKs economy. According to the British Retail Consortium, the retail sector is one of the second largest employers in the UK, employing 11% of the UK workforce, some 2.9 million people as of March 2009. Historical evidences depict that the UKs economic development has been dominantly fuelled by the successes in the fashion industry especially because of the existence of 286,680 retail outlets in the UK (British Retail Consortium website). Over all these years, industrial success in textiles and fashion goods component have been significant and can be attributed to the continuous change and improvements in the lifestyle of the shoppers and the increasing value being placed to such products. Consumers constantly experimented different looks, styles, fabrics and ideas and their interest in fashion accessories has been stimulated by high media exposure, which have been growing over the last few years. This assiduous rise in the consumer spending on fashion products led to practically unchallenged growth in the industry. Despite the crisis in this sector of the economy, some of the organizations managed to grow their market share. According to Kambil (2008) companies need to focus their attention on the market share and in addition they had to launch new products and adjust the existing ones in order to improve their relations with the customers. Using HM as a company example, they tried to beat the effects of the downturn, by launching designer clothes in partnership with well-know designers like Jimmy Choo, Roberto Cavalli and Lanvin this November (HM website, viewed 21 October 2010). Moreover the economic recession has affected many HR Processes and they needed to be adapted to the new economic environment and furthermore they had to be ready to face the new reality. The impact of the recession is not the same and many HR Processes can continue their regular operation without any adjustment. Even if recession has affected many fashion organisations, closing stores or slashing prices, one of the big retailers operating on the UK market, HM ,was keeping quite well, in addition they were opening stores, entering new markets, and adding new brands (Spiegel website, April 9 2008, ). Another major effect of the recession in the retail industry is the staff redundancies. According to The Telegraph website there is an important downsizing in this sector, which may affect retail organisations in many ways. The article shows that at the beginning of 2009 economists were announcing massive staff reductions between 100,000 and 135,000 jobs due to the severity of the slowdown. Moreover the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development predicted at that time more than 600,000 jobs will be lost and many companies will be forced to freeze their workforces pay. Sales have been also suffering by the economic downturn, reporting a volume of retail sales lower with 0.1% than October last year (National Statistics Online website, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=256). Among the factors that should be taken into consideration is the current economic growth rate in the nation. This directly refers to an economys rise in value of services or goods produced. According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in the case of United Kingdom, the economic growth rate in 2010 grew by 1.1% in the second quarter of the year (BBC website, National Statistics Online website, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=256 ). Another economic factor that may influence retail business in the fashion industry is the inflation. According to the BBC newspaper, the Consumer Price Index (CPI), inflation increased to 3.2% in October from 3.1% per cent in the previous month (BBC newspaper, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11784775, Appendix A) SWOT Analysis of HM According to Armstrong (2004) SWOT is defined as (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) and is a popular framework for developing a marketing strategy. SWOT analysis is basically done to find out if they have sufficient resources to cover their weakness and still achieve their objective. Strength Hennes Mauritz AB build its strengths by operating through complementary retail channels stores, Internet, and printed catalogues. According to Datamonitor (2010) one of the significant strength of HM Company is the request for its products which rise up the inventory turnover and enables low price cut. Customer express their preference for HM product especially clothes because of its quality at the best price but also because of the stores which are refreshed and reordered daily with new garments products. Moreover, collaboration with designer like Karl Lagerfeld, Stella McCartney, Roberto Cavalli and Lanvin this November, which are very well know worldwide, will improve the desire for their garments ,but also will accelerate sales growth ( Business week website, viewed 19 October 2010) . Another major strength of HM is the presence on different markets such as Europe, North America and Asia with almost 2000 stores (HM website (4), viewed 20 October 2010). This fact is a positive aspect for the company because they can diversify their risk, but also be sustainably- financially, socially and environmentally (CSR Report 2009). Weaknesses One of the most important and noticeable weakness that HM encounters is the segment that the fashion company targets. HM designs clothes for young customers offering them the HM Divided and HM L.O.G.G collections. Second fact that can be taken into consideration as a weaknesses is the shoppers base which is influenced by the macro economic environment in a negative way (Datamonitor 2010).The article claims that HM focus on the young segment of the market, which is one of the worst hit by the recession, with 21% rate of unemployment for teenagers under age of 25. Opportunities First of all, one of the most important opportunities that HM faces is the e-commerce. According to Datamonitor (2010) HM online sales grew by 22% with 4.7% of the total retail online sales in Europe. Moreover the online sales within more 17 European Countries (such as France, UK, Germany) are estimated to grow by 11% each year over the next five years. Even if the recession affected the retail industry, Hennes Mauritz opened in 2009 250 stores worldwide with 25 more than they planned. (HM website (3), viewed 21 October 2010) Second of all, the expansion plans 2010-1011 for HM intend to reach a 10-15 % each year. The Company tries to focus on markets like Asia where the sales double over, China Japan and South Korea. (Financial times website October 20, 2010). Another opportunity that HM takes full advantage of is the use of organic cotton which classified the company in the top twelve global brands and retailer using organic cotton. Threats Threats of the company are also related to the economic recession because shoppers spend less money on clothes. Over the year 2010 employment were expected to become worse, peaking towards the end of the year at approximately 10.3% and consumers were expected to apply for benefits. Second major threat for the organisation is the VAT which has been reduced in the UK in 2008 by 15% and in January 2010 has been changed again do 17.5%. Apart of this change the cost for cotton has been modified as well with almost 60-75 % by the end of 2009 and with 20-30% during 2010 (Datamonitor 2010 , http://web.ebscohost.com/bsi/pdf?vid=20hid=7sid=4b01c02d-b8cf-414f-b787-7f93a0b69865%40sessionmgr113 ). Human Resource Management in a recession The retail sector is one of the most hit by the global economic recession, so that managers should handle the effects of recession as professionally as possible in a downturn. But since when human resource management is dealing with the implementation of the strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals, the department become one of the most responsible to bring the organisation on the right track during recession time. According to Kambil (2008) there are some important steps that a business should follow in order to maintain their competitive position on the market. Some of these vital steps are the improvement of prices in order to grow margins, the increase of the financial and operational efficiency, but also the concentration on the market share. According to Armstrong (2009, p.5) the purpose of the human resource management is to make sure that an organisation is able to perform well through its staff, but also to increase the efficiency and the capability of the business. Furthermore, it also helps the business to reach it goals by using the resources available to their best use. One of the first processes affected by a recession is the recruitment selection policies which have been massively affected by the recession. Newell and Shackleton (2000) argues that recruitment and selection process involves making anticipation about what will happen, so that decisions are made about who is the most suitable person for a certain job that can increase the performance of an organisation. Now managers and recruitment agencies are being extra careful who they bring in, and they prefer to rethink and implement new strategies in order to improve their relations with the customers. In addition, companies are even more demanding than before, making sure that they recruit the best candidate that can bring real value to the company. Another significant effect on human resource management which impact an organization in recession time is the cost cutting. Retailers are conscious about the situation of the business and try to do everything to maintain their competitive position on the market. They started to cut working hours, holidays, labour costs, and travel expenses and they dont offer long-term benefits anymore. According to Retail Week website (http://www.retail-week.com/cost-cutting-the-lean-machine/1923604.article ) organizations needed to reduce its cost not only to their store level, but also to their head offices. The career and development process have been also affected by the recession, so that managers offer limited trainings to their staff. Selecting and training employees with great potential, contribute to the increase of the sales and organisations performance. It also leads to a more structured career path which ensures that staff has the necessary skills to improve the quality of services and products of a company. Introducing flexible working arrangements and part-paid sabbaticals is another effect of the recession that has a significant impact on an organisation impact on an organization. Managers prefer to make these changes, rather than implementing redundancy programmes, because it allows them to manage every cost. This measure eliminates the need of hiring extra staff for busy periods such as Christmas or Easter holidays. The operations are also suffering due to the recession, because managers develop different channels which imply lower labour costs, such as online sales. A number of retailers found more innovative ways to deal with cost cutting by introducing 9 day fortnights, reducing daily hours and offering unpaid sabbaticals, so we also saw an uplift in the request for interim specialists to renegotiate these new practices. Conclusion The middle of 2008 saw huge changes for the UK retail industry, with the sector suffering a very intense downturn and several well-known brands were disappearing from the high streets. But on the other hand there have been retailers that improved their performance during the recession. As seen above, HM is one of them, reaching a SEK 118,697 million turnover, and about 76,000 employments. The human resource management is one of the sectors that have been also affected by the economic downturn. According to Armstrong (2000) Human resource management is a construct largely invented by academics and popularised by consultants. So that many retailers took decisive actions, like concentrating and simplifying their operations by reducing staff numbers and costs, both through natural wastage and implementing redundancy programmes and flexible working hours. Furthermore, there is now evidence of significant change in the retail sector. In line with the drop-off in demand for goods not being as bad as had initially been feared, retailers are now re-evaluating and rethinking their HR strategies. In conclusion, the paper demonstrates that the current economic conditions have provided the opportunity for the UK retail industry to learn and deal better with HRM structures and recession, adding to what had already been in progress before the economic downturn, which in turn shows an opportunity to make the business stronger, successfully and profitable. Moreover, there is a lack of standard qualifications across retail sector which is also unfavourable.ÂÂ   Government policy in this area is ineffectual and needs to be improved as soon as possible.

HNES Native Species Gardens Misrepresentation and Dismissal of Exotic

Public green spaces are complementary areas in urban centers, designed to create recreational space for public use and cultivate-natural scenery. There are many public green spaces on York University's Keele campus such as the woodlots, the green roof near Ross building, Passy garden, Maloca community garden, and HNES Native Species Garden. The Native Species Garden is a naturalization project founded in 2005, in front of the Health, Nursing and Environmental Studies building. The project led by Dr. Gerda Wekerle and various members of the Environmental Studies Faculty, and grounds management staff to propagate native species as there are many exotic species on campus. Although, the objective is pure and beneficial to the ecology of the campus, the ramifications are lacklustre. The garden invites xenophobic principles, formulates stereotypes and cultivates misinformation about exotic species. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the different images of exotic species and the integ ration of these species into public green spaces on campus. Exotic species -sometimes invasive- are organisms either moved via human disturbances or geological and meteorological events, often displacing species from their habitat. Yet, the word "invasive" is attached to exotics as a negative construct without considering advantages or disadvantages of the plants to humans and the environment. The story of exotic species is learned as a militaristic metaphor and Larson (2008) confers, "We have made an enemy of invasive species to justify controlling and subjugating them"(p 16). One example is Garlic Mustard, a herb species native to Europe and some parts of Asia; mainly used as spice. According to Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (2012), Garlic M... ...raphical Review 94.2 (2004): 178-198. EBSCO Host. Web. 15 Nov. 2013. Larson, Brendan. "Friend, Foe, Wonder, Peril." Alternative Journals. 34.1 (2008): 14-17. EBSCO Host. Web. 14 Nov. 2013. Schetter, Timothy A., Timothy L. Walters, and Karen V. Root. "A Multi-scale Spatial Analysis of Native and Exotic Plant Species Richness Within a Mixed-Disturbance Oak Savanna Landscape."Environmental Management 52.3 (2013): 581-584. EBSCO Host. Web. 16 Nov. 2013. Stinson, Kristina, Sylvan Kaufman, Luke Durbin, and Frank Lowenstein. "Impacts Of Garlic Mustard Invasion On A Forest Understory Community." Northeastern Naturalist 14.1 (2007): 73-88. EBSCO Host. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. "Terrestrial Invasive Species."Biodiversity. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 4 Sept. 2013. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. .

Pan’s Labyrinth Setting

Setting is one of the vital elements of fiction. A work can only be fully approached if it is first based on its setting, which guides the development of the work. For â€Å"Pan’s labyrinth†, an outstanding cinema work rich in symbols, details and meaning, it is even more essential for us to take the underlying context into serious consideration The external setting of this work consisted of 3 element: time, place and social environment. In 2006, the movie was filmed in a Scots Pine forest situated in the Guadarrama mountain range, Central Spain by the talented Mexican director Guillermo del Toro.The idea for Pan's Labyrinth came from Guillermo del Toro's notebooks, which he says are filled with â€Å"doodles, ideas, drawings and plot bits† which had been kept for twenty years. There are a lot of social factors affecting Del Toro. Firstly, his mind and work are characterised by a strong connection to fairy tales and horror, also he described his political positio n as â€Å"a little too liberal†. Del Toro got the idea of the mythological faun (Pan) from childhood experiences with â€Å"lucid dreaming†: after he waked up, a faun would gradually step out from behind the grandfather's clock.The faun became a mysterious, semi-suspicious relic who gave both the impression of trustworthiness and many signs that warn someone to never confide in him at all. Moreover, by exploring the figure of the god Pan and the symbol of the labyrinth, he tried to â€Å"mix those compelling factors and play with them†. Secondly, â€Å"Pan's Labyrinth† continues a tide of fine movies of Del Toro, illustrating a period after Francisco Franco has come into power. He pointed out that the villains in most of his films are united by the common attribute of authoritarianism.Most people make the villains ugly and nasty but Del Toro realizes that one of the dangers of fascism is that it's very attractive. To him, perfection actually lies in full y loving the defect. Killing somebody can be because of he broke a law, or broke an idea: patriotism, liberty, democracy†¦ In short, the idea behind the act is valued more than the act itself. The Internal Setting of â€Å"Pan’s labyrinth† is related to the 2 parallel storylines: Ofelia's fantasy world against the colorless right angles of the fascist world. For the reality – the facist world, it takes place aroundMay–June 1944, five years after the Spanish Civil War, when Spain was under the authoritarian dictatorship of Francisco Franco. The world war II is about to end. The story happens in a mill on the border of Spain. When the war is raging across the world, women are subordinate to men. The Falangists is winning over the rebels and the rebels have to hide in the forest. It is really a time of suspicion and paranoia: rebel supporters are brutally killed. For the fantasy world, it is seen that the story is closely connected to an old and abandon ed labyrinth and the Underworld Kingdom existing a long time ago.Ofelia, the main character, is a young girl who loves fairy tales. She travels with her pregnant mother Carmen to meet Captain Vidal, her new brutal, facism and cold-blood stepfather and father of Carmen's unborn child. The story is then gradually revealed within the (internal) setting, making viewers immersing completely in appalling scenes with its deep meaning implied. ? A work’s setting has important role as it is the world in which the characters appear, act and expose their emotions. It can be used to evoke a mood or atmosphere that will prepare the reader for what is to come in.In many cases, setting contributes to the overall meaning of a story or affects the characters. It would be a shortcoming if we analyzed a literature work without interpreting its setting and meaning behind, especially for â€Å"Pan’s labyrinth†. In the realistic story, the decisive colors drawing the view of story is old-newspaper yellow and dark grey, which implies the atmosphere of sadness and lurking danger. Not much of Spain outside the mill is referred in the story but the war between political groups here can represent the overall country’s condition.The influence of military is strong and almost encroaching on the natural order of Spain. However, the fascist seem not to belong to this place. They wear steely blue gray uniform, which is unnatural in the forest, while the rebels wear earthy browns connecting to soul of mountain. The fascists' headquarters is lying in a small mill, and surrounded by trees and forest, the rebels' habitat. It states the implication: despite the power of military, the fascists are still the small pocket of dry land in the midst of rising communism, one day they will face to the failure.To further the point on the mill's lack of femininity, it is an indication to us audience that this is not right place for Ofelia. The box shape of it exists only for fun ction, efficiency and work and there is no room to growth and discovery. That this place is not for a child reflects the fact fascism does not fit in Spain. In the parallel story, the fantasy world appears in front of audiences with devastated views. It loses the princess Moanna like Spain is seeking freedom. The Labyrinth is the only place that Ofelia can fully realize her imagination. Moreover, it also reflects reality out there.The structure of Labyrinth is the same as the circulation of destiny. Ofelia comes to the dream world, reunites with the parents, while the rebel defeats the fascist after so much sacrifice, blood and tears. â€Å"Pan’s labyrinth† (internal) setting partly reveals a sorrowful and tragic fairytale. As previously mentioned, the story happened when Spain was under the authoritarian dictatorship of Francisco Franco, in a mill surrounded by mountain and forest and rainy frequently. The film’s darkness overshadows the light, therefore most v iewers can imagine the sorrow from that dreary framework without seeing any minutes of the film.Unlike in other fairy tales where the writers omit events or elements that are deemed too harsh, in Pan’s labyrinth they do not overestimate the violent conflict between the rebel and German army which is leaded by a brutal person Capital Vidal; or the loneliness of the girl between two world, reality and fantasy. To some extent, both of them can reveal a tragic ending. Besides the internal setting, the external setting also discloses some values of the film but in artistic aspect. The author, Guillermo del Toro, has strong obsession of fairy tale and horror.That why he can create details, characters especially fairy ones which contain many symbolic values and compel the audiences to thinking a lot. As a consequence, each time we watch the film, we can always find something new. If we ask why a writer chooses to include certain details in a work, then we are likely to make connecti ons that relate the details to some larger purpose, such as the story's meaning. By analyzing clearly the setting of †Pan's Labyrinth†, viewers, as well as critics, can draw lessons from what Del Toro conveyed

Freedom of Air

* First Freedom of the Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to fly across its territory without landing (also known as a First Freedom Right). * Second Freedom of the Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to land in its territory for non-traffic purposes (also known as a Second Freedom Right). Third Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from the home State of the carrier (also known as a Third Freedom Right). * Fourth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic destined for the home State of the carrier (also known as a Fourth Freedom Right). Fifth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down and to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from or destined to a third State (also known as a Fifth Freedom Right). ICAO characterizes all â€Å"freedoms† beyond the Fifth as â€Å"so-called† because only the first five â€Å"freedoms† have been officially recognized as such by international treaty. Sixth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting, via the home State of the carrier, traffic moving between two other States (also known as a Sixth Freedom Right). The so-called Sixth Freedom of the Air, unlike the first five freedoms, is not incorporated as such into any widely recognized air service agreements such as the â€Å"Five F reedoms Agreement†. Seventh Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State, of transporting traffic between the territory of the granting State and any third State with no requirement to include on such operation any point in the territory of the recipient State, i. e the service need not connect to or be an extension of any service to/from the home State of the carrier. Eighth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting cabotage traffic between two points in the territory of the granting State on a service which originates or terminates in the home country of the foreign carrier or (in connection with the so-called Seventh Freedom of the Air) outside the territory of the granting State (also known as a Eighth Freedom Right or â€Å"consecutive cabotage†). Ninth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege of transporting cabotage traffic of the granting State on a service performed entirely within the territory of the granting State (also known as a Ninth Freedom Right or â€Å"stand alone† cabotage). Source: http://www. icao. int/icao/en/trivia/freedoms_air. htm